INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/atari. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document What is NetBSD? Changes Between The NetBSD 10 and 11 Releases Features to be removed in a later release The NetBSD Foundation Sources of NetBSD NetBSD 11.0_RC2 Release Contents NetBSD/atari subdirectory structure Binary distribution sets NetBSD/atari System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported devices Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Preparing your hard disk for the NetBSD installation. Booting the installer on an existing system Booting the installer on new systems. Using loadbsd.ttp Installing the NetBSD System Running the sysinst installation program Introduction General Quick install Booting NetBSD Network configuration Installation drive selection and parameters Selecting which sets to install Partitioning the disk Preparing your hard disk Getting the distribution sets Installation from CD-ROM Installation using FTP Installation using NFS Installation from an unmounted file system Installation from a local directory Extracting the distribution sets Configure additional items Finalizing your installation Post installation steps Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Using online NetBSD documentation Administrivia Thanks go to Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The End DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 11.0_RC2 on the _a_t_a_r_i platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util- ity programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally presented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional open- source operating system derived from the University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 11.0_RC2 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with preliminary support for the others included in source form. For more information please visit hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//. NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea- tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev- eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu- nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 1100 aanndd 1111 RReelleeaasseess The NetBSD 11.0_RC2 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous userland enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. One important new feature in this release is the support for extended attributes and access control lists on FFS file systems. For new installations the installer will by default disable these features, so the file system is compatible with older NetBSD releases (before 10), and allow other operating sys- tems to mount this file systems at least in read-only mode. If you want a new installed file system to support extended attributes, change the file system type from ``FFSv2'' to ``FFSv2ea'' in the partitioning menu. You can also convert file systems later, using the fsck_ffs(8) utility. More details are available in _t_h_i_s _g_u_i_d_e_: hhttttppss::////wwiikkii..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ttuuttoorriiaallss//aaccllss__aanndd__eexxtteennddeedd__aattttrriibbuutteess__oonn__ffffss. If you are upgrading from a version of NetBSD-current please also check the _C_o_m_p_a_t_i_b_i_l_i_t_y _I_s_s_u_e_s _W_i_t_h _P_r_e_v_i_o_u_s _N_e_t_B_S_D _R_e_l_e_a_s_e_s. It is impossible to completely summarize the mas- sive development that went into the NetBSD 11.0_RC2 release. The complete list of changes can be found in _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--1111..00__RRCC22//CCHHAANNGGEESS _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_1_1_._0_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--1111..00__RRCC22//CCHHAANNGGEESS--1111..00 which are also present in the top level directory of the NetBSD 11.0 release tree. FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: ++oo groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as _t_e_x_t_p_r_o_c_/_g_r_o_f_f. ++oo pf(4). This packet filter is obsolete and unmain- tained in NetBSD. It will be eventually removed due to possible long-standing security issues and lack of multiprocessor support. New installations should use npf(7). TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade- mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel- opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn// SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to _m_i_r_r_o_r_s_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss// NNeettBBSSDD 1111..00__RRCC22 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 11.0_RC2 release is orga- nized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_1_1_._0___R_C_2_/ CHANGES Changes between the 10.0 and 11.0 releases. CHANGES-11.0 Changes between the initial 11.0 branch and final release of 11.0. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. _i_m_a_g_e_s_/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec- tures for which NetBSD 11.0_RC2 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis- tribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associ- ated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 11.0_RC2 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 11.0_RC2 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys- tem. All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Individual sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the com- mand: # ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com- mand: cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_a_t_a_r_i _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The atari-specific portion of the NetBSD 11.0_RC2 release is found in the _a_t_a_r_i subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_1_1_._0___R_C_2_/_a_t_a_r_i_/. It contains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_S_M_A_L_L_0_3_0_._g_z A kernel for memory-tight 68030 Falcon and TT030 machines. This is the kernel supplied on the boot.fs floppy. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_A_T_A_R_I_T_T_._g_z A kernel for the Atari TT030. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_F_A_L_C_O_N_._g_z A kernel for the Atari Falcon, including support for 68060 processor cards. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_H_A_D_E_S_._g_z A kernel for 68040 or 68060 Hades. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_M_I_L_A_N_-_I_S_A_I_D_E_._g_z A kernel for 68040 or 68060 MILAN using IDE in ISA mode - for use with disks not marked byteswapped by HDDRIVER. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_M_I_L_A_N_-_P_C_I_I_D_E_._g_z A kernel for 68040 or 68060 MILAN using IDE in PCI mode - for use with disks marked byteswapped by HDDRIVER. _s_e_t_s_/ atari binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _f_l_o_p_p_y_/ atari boot and installation flop- pies; see below. _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_/ atari miniroot file system image; see below. _m_i_s_c_/ Miscellaneous atari installation utilities; see installation section below. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD atari binary distribution sets contain the bina- ries which comprise the NetBSD 11.0_RC2 release for atari. The binary distribution sets can be found in the _a_t_a_r_i_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 11.0_RC2 dis- tribution tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 11.0_RC2 atari bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It con- tains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. ddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all base system utilities. It is useful when reporting issues with binaries or during develop- ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. eettcc This distribution set contains the system configu- ration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. kkeerrnn--SSMMAALLLL003300,, kkeerrnn--AATTAARRIITTTT,, kkeerrnn--FFAALLCCOONN,, kkeerrnn--HHAADDEESS, kkeerrnn--MMIILLAANN--IISSAAIIDDEE, kkeerrnn--MMIILLAANN--PPCCIIIIDDEE These sets contain a NetBSD/atari 11.0_RC2 kernel, named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install the kernel that matches your hardware. mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the man- ual pages that are included in the other sets. mmiisscc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. mmoodduulleess This set includes kernel modules to add functional- ity to a running system. rreessccuuee This set includes the statically linked emergency recovery binaries installed in _/_r_e_s_c_u_e. tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil- ity. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xxddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting issues with these binaries or during development. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xxsseerrvveerr The X server. The atari binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxzzppff command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. Additional kernels to those included in the distribution sets may be found in the _a_t_a_r_i_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l subdirectory of the NetBSD 11.0_RC2 distribution tree. These kernels are generally named something like _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_B_O_O_T_._g_z or some other suitable name. Please note that these kernels are simply gzipped and are not in tar archives. There are six atari floppy images to be found in the _a_t_a_r_i_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 11.0_RC2 distribution. Three of them are bootable TOS ker- nel floppies and the other three are installation floppies. They are described in more detail below. There are gzipped versions of each available, for easier downloading. (The gzipped versions have the _._g_z extension added to their names.) _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _K_e_r_n_e_l _f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s These TOS disks contains the TOS support programs (like llooaaddbbssdd..ttttpp and cchhgg__ppiidd..ttttpp -- see below) and a kernel. They are setup such that you can insert them into your floppy drive, and start the programs from GEM. For the TT030 and Falcon, the (720 KB) floppy is named _b_o_o_t_._f_s and the kernel supplied is BOOT. For the Hades, you need the _h_a_d_e_s_-_b_o_o_t_._f_s floppy (1.44 MB), the kernel is HADES. For the Milan, you need the _m_i_l_a_n_-_b_o_o_t_._f_s floppy (1.44 MB), the kernel is MILAN-PCIIDE. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_l_o_p_p_y_: This disk contains a BSD root file system setup to help you install the rest of NetBSD. This includes formatting and mounting your _/ (root) and _/_u_s_r par- titions and getting ready to extract (and possibly first fetching) the distribution sets. There is enough on this file system to allow you to make a slip connection, configure an ethernet, mount an NFS file system or ftp. You can also load distribution sets from a SCSI tape or from one of your existing GEMDOS partitions. The floppies meant for 720 KB disks are named _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s_._1 and _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s_._2. There is also an image for an 1.44 MB disk: _m_i_n_i_r_o_o_t_._f_s. There are also TOS utilities in the _a_t_a_r_i_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_m_i_s_c subdirectory, which you will need to get NetBSD/atari up- and-running. ++oo The ggzziipp..ttttpp program allows you to uncompress .gz images. The usage is: ggzziipp..ttttpp --dd ffiilleennaammee..ggzz ++oo The rraawwwwrriittee..ttttpp program allows you to create the installation floppy disks from the files in the _a_t_a_r_i_/_f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s directory. ++oo The aappttcckk..ttttpp program reads the partition tables present on a given disk and tries to interpret then the same way the NetBSD kernel does. If you have a disk on which GEMDOS and NetBSD are to co-exist, It is a good idea to run this before you begin the NetBSD/atari installation just to check that the kernel's view of the partition tables agree with GEMDOS's view. If you have more than 3 partitions defined on a disk you will notice that the NetBSD/atari partition starts one sector after the GEMDOS partition. This is to allow space for the auxil- iary root for the 4th and subsequent partitions. ++oo The llooaaddbbssdd..ttttpp program loads the NetBSD/atari kernel from TOS (or MiNT, MultiTOS, etc.). ++oo The cchhgg__ppiidd..ttttpp program can be used to change the id of an AHDI compatible partition. This allows you to reserve a partition for use by NetBSD/atari (id: NBD), or for use as a swap (id: SWP) partition. ++oo The ffiillee22sswwpp..ttttpp program can be used to transfer an installation file system image, like _s_y_s_i_n_s_t_._f_s to a partition with id SWP. In this way, you can run the installation from the swap partition instead of a memory disk. This is a necessity for small memory systems. _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the atari binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source dis- tribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//aattaarrii SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess NetBSD/atari 11.0_RC2 runs on the TT030, Falcon, Hades and MilanI machines. An FPU is not required. The minimum amount of RAM required is 4 MB. On the Hades, only the Tseng PCI VGA cards (ET4000/ET6000/ET6100) are supported in the 11.0_RC2 release. When an unsupported video card is present, you can use NetBSD with a serial console only. A minimal installation requires around 100MB of disk space, plus a swap partition size of 2*RAM (and always greater than 20MB). You will probably want to compile your own kernel, as GENERIC is large and bulky in order to accommodate all people, BOOT is small and might not have all the features you want). _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo The builtin SCSI host adapter -- Should support most SCSI-drives. -- Should support most tape drives. -- Should support most CD-ROM drives. -- Should support most ZIP/M-O drives. ++oo The builtin video controller ++oo The builtin (720 KB / 1.44 MB) floppy drive ++oo The serial2/modem2 ports ++oo The Falcon FX memory expansion ++oo The Atari mouse ++oo A 3-button mouse (see build description in the FAQ!) ++oo The parallel printer ++oo IDE interface on both Falcon and Hades (includes ATAPI support) ++oo The serial interface on the first 68901 UART (modem1) ++oo EtherNEC Ethernet on ROM cartridge slot ++oo VME-bus devices (TT030/Hades) -- BVME410 Ethernet -- Circad Leonardo 24-bit VME graphics adapter -- Crazy Dots VME et4000 graphics adapter -- Riebl (and possibly PAM) Ethernet cards on the VME bus. -- SMC Elite Ultra ISA Ethernet with SMC_TT VME- ISA bridge ++oo PCI-bus devices (Hades and Milan only) -- ET4000/ET6000/ET6100-PCI (VGA console) -- ESS Technology Inc. Solo-1 Soundcard -- 3Com 3c59x Network card ++oo ISA-bus devices (Hades only) -- Teles S0/16.3-ISA ISDN adapter (with I4B) This list is incomplete by definition. We can not test all SCSI peripherals, ISA cards or PCI cards. If you have prob- lems with such peripherals, please contact the _p_o_r_t_-_a_t_a_r_i_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g mailing list. GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa Installation is supported from several media types, includ- ing: ++oo GEMDOS/TOS HD partitions ++oo Tape No matter what you do, however, you'll need to have three disks handy, on which you will put the install and boot floppy images. All the images are available from the directory _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s under the root of the NetBSD/atari tree at your favorite archive site. If you are using NetBSD/atari to make the floppies, you should use the command dd(1) to write the raw floppy images (.fs files) to the disk. As an example, to write the first part of the miniroot file system onto a 720 KB floppy in fd0 use: # dddd iiff==mmiinniirroooott..ffss..11 ooff==//ddeevv//rrffdd00bb bbss==99bb If you are using TOS to make the floppies, grab the rraawwwwrriittee utility from the _a_t_a_r_i_/_u_t_i_l_s directory and issue the com- mand: rraawwwwrriittee bboooott..ffss This will create the boot-floppy on the floppy in drive a. The floppies should be pre-formatted on 720 KB / 1.44 MB for both the dddd and rraawwwwrriittee commands to work. Pre-formatting can be best done using the desktop format command. Some other utilities seem to be giving problems. Since the 1.3 release, it is also possible to use HD-flop- pies. You should than use the floppy device _/_d_e_v_/_r_f_d_0_c or add the --HH flag to rraawwwwrriittee. The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend on which method of installation you choose. The various methods are explained below. GEMDOS To install NetBSD from a GEMDOS partition, you need to get the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install on your system on to a GEMDOS parti- tion. Note where you placed the files, you will need this later. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the installation process, preparing your hard disk. _T_a_p_e To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to somehow get the NetBSD filesets you wish to install on your system on to the appropriate kind of tape. If you make the tape on a UNIX-like system, you can create it as follows: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--1111..00__RRCC22//aattaarrii//bbiinnaarryy//sseettss # TT==<> # mmtt --ff $$TT rreewwiinndd # ffoorr ff iinn bbaassee eettcc ccoommpp ggaammeess mmaann mmiisscc rreessccuuee tteexxtt dddd iiff==$$ff..ttggzz ooff==$$TT ccoonnvv==oossyynncc bbss==55kk # ddoonnee # mmtt --ff $$TT rreewwiinndd where ``'' is the name of the (non- rewinding!) tape device that you're using (proba- bly something like _/_d_e_v_/_n_r_s_t_0, but we make no guarantees 8-). If you can't figure it out, ask your system administrator. Once you have done this, you can proceed to the next step in the installation process, preparing your hard disk. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _f_o_r _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_. Note that you will be modifying your hard drives and if you mess something up here you could lose everything on all the drives that you work with. It is therefore advised that you: ++oo Write down your current configurations. Do this by writing down all partition info (especially their sizes). ++oo _B_a_c_k _u_p _t_h_e _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_s _y_o_u _a_r_e _k_e_e_p_i_n_g_. If NetBSD has to share the disk with another operating sys- tem, you can either take care of partitioning your harddisk before installing NetBSD or delay this until the installer requests you to do it. If you decide to do it now, please create space for at least _/ (root) and swap partitions. Whatever you decide, take note of the paragraphs below! You need this info to create bootable disks. _W_a_r_n_i_n_g_: The AHDI partitioning function erases all parti- tions on your harddisk even if they are not changed! We know this is rather stupid, but don't say we didn't warn you. If you want to use an AHDI partitioning scheme and you want to be able to boot directly into NetBSD, there are some con- straints on the partition layout. As you might know, every hard disk has a `root sector' that contains information about the size of the hard disk and the partitions on the hard disk. The root sector can only con- tain the necessary data for four partitions. Nobody thought that this limitation would cause any problems. After all, 640 KByte should be enough. As hard disks grew, it was nec- essary to define more than four partitions. In order to be more or less compatible with the old format, a new type of partition entry was defined: XGM partitions. An XGM partition is a `look over there' sign: Another root sector can be found at the start of the XGM partition. This root sector contains the remaining real partitions. And this is the big mystery: Partitions defined in the root sec- tor of the hard disk are called `primary partitions', parti- tions defined in the root sector of an XGM partition are called `extended partitions'. The bootblock will only work if the first NBD partition is a primary partition. This is not a limitation of NetBSD but a limitation of TOS/AHDI: You can only boot from primary par- titions. If you are creating your partitions with HDX, you'll have to be very careful to fulfill this rule. HDX has some very strange ideas when it comes to extended partitions. Fortu- nately, you can edit this stuff: The ``Edit partition scheme of the unit'' dialog box has a button labeled ``expert''. This button is inactive unless you have defined more than four partitions. Click on it _a_f_t_e_r you have defined the sizes of the partitions. A new dialog box appears on the screen. The left side con- tains two blocks of partitions; the upper block always con- tains the first four partitions, the lower block contains the last three partitions. If you have defined less than 7 partitions, some fields of the lower block will contain the string ``unused''. Some of the partitions will be displayed in reverse video: These are the extended partitions. The right side contains six possible ranges for the extended partitions. It is not possible to define your own range, you will have to use one of the schemes offered by HDX. To quote from Ghostbusters: Choose and die. The default scheme used by HDX is the first scheme: Extended partitions start with the second partition and end with the second to last partition. If you have defined 7 partitions, partitions #2 to #5 will be extended partitions, while partitions #1, #6 and #7 will be primary partitions. You can move the extended partition range by clicking on one of the buttons on the right side of the dialog box. Try to find one where your first NetBSD partition is a primary par- tition. Golden rules: ++oo If the disk contains no GEMDOS partitions, don't use AHDI. Let NetBSD handle it alone. ++oo If the disk contains one GEMDOS partition, make it par- tition #1 and start the extended partition range at par- tition #3. This allows you to boot from both the GEMDOS and the NetBSD partitions. ++oo If the disk contains two GEMDOS partitions, use parti- tions #1 and #2 for GEMDOS, partition #3 for NetBSD- root. Start the extended partition range with partition #4. ++oo If your disks contains three or more GEMDOS partitions, you are in trouble. Try using partitions #1 and #2 as the first two GEMDOS partitions. Use partition #3 as the first NetBSD partition. Start the extended parti- tion range with partition #4. Put the other NetBSD extended partition range. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_e_r _o_n _a_n _e_x_i_s_t_i_n_g _s_y_s_t_e_m If you already have NetBSD installed, it is easy. Just boot into single user mode on your current system, or use the sshhuuttddoowwnn nnooww command to shutdown to single-user mode. Then copy the installer using dddd: dddd iiff==ssyyssiinnsstt..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00bb where /dev/rsd0b should be the device path of the swap par- tition your system is configured to use. Once the file is copied, reboot back to the booter and use the '-b' option to make the kernel prompt for a root device. Now enter the swap device as your root device to start the installer. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_e_r _o_n _n_e_w _s_y_s_t_e_m_s_. If your system has more than 6MB RAM, you can skip directly to the section about llooaaddbbssdd..ttttpp,, since the amount of RAM is enough to load the installer into. For new new installations on small memory systems, things are a bit more complicated. The easiest way is to mark an AHDI partition as id 'SWP'. You can either accomplish this with HDdriver or use the cchhgg__ppiidd..ttttpp program supplied on the bootfloppy. To use the fifth partition of your first drive to a swap partition, do the following: cchhgg__ppiidd --ww 00 44 SSWWPP As you can see, both the drive and the partition numbers are zero based. When a swap partition has been created, you can transfer the installer using the ffiillee22sswwpp..ttttpp command, which is also on the bootfloppy. This program copies a (gzipped) file to the first AHDI partition with id 'SWP' on the designated disk. To copy sysinst.fs to your first SCSI disk, use: ffiillee22sswwpp --ww --ff ssyyssiinnsstt..ffss ss00 Note that ffiillee22sswwpp automatically detects a gzipped file, there is no need for a .gz extension. _U_s_i_n_g _l_o_a_d_b_s_d_._t_t_p To start the installer, you first need to load a NetBSD ker- nel. This can be done in a couple ways, both of which cur- rently require GEMDOS. You need either the bootfloppy pro- vided in the distribution or you can copy the llooaaddbbssdd..ttttpp program and kernel to a boot floppy disk (1.44 MB needed) or put them on a TOS partition. Select the loadbsd program and it will ask for parameters, supply: `--bb nneettbbssdd' (or whatever name you copied the kernel to). You can, of course, also run it from the shell command-line in MiNT: llooaaddbbssdd --bb aa:://nneettbbssdd You should see the screen clear and some information about your system as the kernel configures the hardware. Then you will be prompted for a root device. If you copied the installer to a swap partition, as explained above, you have to enter the swap partition as the boot device. When you used your first SCSI disk, this will be ssdd00bb.. On the first IDE drive it would be wwdd00bb.. If you didn't copy the installer to swap, you need to use the RAMdisk, so remove the GEMDOS kernel boot floppy from the drive if present and insert the NetBSD install floppy 1. Now enter the name of the boot device depending on the floppy type you have inserted. Use: ++oo mmdd00aa for the old installer (1MB filesystem) on 720KB floppies. ++oo mmdd11aa for the sysinst installer on 720KB floppies. ++oo mmdd22aa for the sysinst installer on 1.44MB floppies. The kernel will load the install file system into RAMdisk. While the kernel is loading, it will show a `.' for each track loaded. After loading 80 tracks, it will ask you to insert the next floppy. At this time, insert the NetBSD install floppy 2 and press any key. The kernel continues loading another 40 tracks before it continues to boot. IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but, if you have this document in hand and are careful to read and remember the information which is presented to you by the install program, it shouldn't be too much trouble. Before you begin, you must have already prepared your hard disk as detailed in the section on preparing your system for install. The following is a walk-through of the steps necessary to get NetBSD installed on your hard disk. _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m 1. _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n Using ssyyssiinnsstt, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of com- pleteness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. _G_e_n_e_r_a_l The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk. ssyyssiinnsstt is a menu-driven program that guides you through the installation process. Sometimes questions will be asked, and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the ques- tion. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the _/_s_y_s_i_n_s_t program from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 3. _Q_u_i_c_k _i_n_s_t_a_l_l First, let's describe a quick install. The other sec- tions of this document go into the installation proce- dure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instructions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install medium. ++oo What you need. -- The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the CD or DVD). -- A floppy disk containing a suitable boot.fs and a floppy with the sysinst.fs image. See the "prepare" section about obtaining those. -- A minimum of 4 MB (TT030/Falcon) or 16 MB (Hades/Milan) of memory installed. -- An optical drive. -- A hard drive with at least 500 MB of free space for a complete base install, not including room for swap. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 225 MB more. ++oo The Quick Installation -- Boot the system as described above. You should be at the ssyyssiinnsstt main menu. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-11.0_RC2 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * f: Config menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. -- If you wish, you can configure some network settings immediately by choosing the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and then CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. -- Choose IInnssttaallll. -- You will be guided through the setup of your disk. -- You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to install. WARNING: If you want your disk to retain an AHDI compatible partitioning, make sure to use the 'existing' disk layout. -- When prompted, choose CCDD--RROOMM as the install medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default val- ues for the path and device should be OK. -- After the installation process has completed, you will be brought back to the main menu, where you should select RReebboooott, after you have removed the bootfloppy from the drive. -- NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a password for the root user when prompted by ssyyssiinnsstt, logging in as root and setting a pass- word should be your first task. You are also advised to read afterboot(8). 4. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D Boot the system as described in the "Booting the installer" section above. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot mes- sages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 5. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _c_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be con- figured for networking once the system is installed, you should first go to the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and select the CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk option. If you only want to tempo- rarily use networking during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 6. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _d_r_i_v_e _s_e_l_e_c_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s To start the installation, select IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo hhaarrdd ddiisskk from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. ssyyssiinnsstt will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like sd0 or sd1. 7. _S_e_l_e_c_t_i_n_g _w_h_i_c_h _s_e_t_s _t_o _i_n_s_t_a_l_l The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, mini- mal, and custom installations. If you choose sets on your own, bbaassee, eettcc, and a kernel must be selected. 8. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_k ++oo Preparing a disk which will be used for GEM and NetBSD. You will be prompted if you want an AHDI compatible partitioning on your disk. If you are installing NetBSD on a dedicated drive, just answer 'no' and skip to the next section. If you answer 'yes', the aahhddiillaabbeell program is started. You can now change the AHDI partition IDs on your root disk. Because NetBSD imposes a spe- cial ordering in disk partitions it uses for / (root) and swap. Also, because it wants to guard you against an unwanted demolition of partitions used by other systems, you have to tell it what partitions it is allowed to use. You have to mark the partition you want to use as swap SWP or (dep- recated!) NBS and the other partitions as NBD. Note that all the changes you make to the IDs are reversible as long as you remember the original value. ahdilabel is capable of creating or chang- ing an AHDI compatible partitioning on the disk, and in the partition-ID editor, the partitions are shown in the order that AHDI created them. When you leave this editor and continue with ssyyssiinnsstt,, your changes to the IDs do have consequences to the partition order! They will show up as follows: a the first NBD partition b the first SWP (or NBS) parti- tion d (and up) the rest of the partitions in AHDI order 9. _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l. If your disk already has a diskla- bel written to it, you can choose UUssee eexxiissttiinngg ppaarrttiittiioonn ssiizzeess. Otherwise, select SSeett ssiizzeess ooff NNeettBBSSDD ppaarrttiittiioonnss. If you want to use NetBSD on an AHDI partitioned disk, you will have to use: UUssee EExxiissttiinngg. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD diskla- bel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 44..22BBSSDD. A swap partition has a special type called sswwaapp. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (_/) b Swap partition. c The entire disk. d-p Available for other use. Traditionally, d is the partition mounted on _/_u_s_r, but this is historical practice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be OK for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special char- acters. You don't need to remember this name. 10. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _Y_o_u _a_r_e _n_o_w _a_t _t_h_e _p_o_i_n_t _o_f _n_o _r_e_t_u_r_n. Apart from the changes you made with aahhddiillaabbeell nothing has been modi- fied on your disk yet. If you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, the partitions now assigned to NetBSD will be actually written to. If you are sure you want to proceed, select yyeess. The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Other- wise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. 11. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of _s_e_t_s that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extraction. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sec- tions describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 12. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets. 13. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _F_T_P To install using FTP, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using FTP, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to spec- ify an IP address instead of a hostname for the FTP server. ssyyssiinnsstt will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 14. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _N_F_S To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 15. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a_n _u_n_m_o_u_n_t_e_d _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In order to install from a local file system, you will need to specify the device that the file system resides on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. 16. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _l_o_c_a_l _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file system that is already accessible. ssyyssiinnsstt will ask you for the name of this directory. 17. _E_x_t_r_a_c_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already con- figured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configu- ration files. 18. _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_e _a_d_d_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _i_t_e_m_s The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password. You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary packages for third-party software. This will feel familiar to users of package tools such as aapptt--ggeett or yyuumm. If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree. Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8). 19. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 11.0_RC2. You can now reboot the machine and boot NetBSD from hard disk. PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vvtt222200 (or what- ever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following com- mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend- ing on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww // Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro- ceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con- tinue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e. You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your network interface, along the lines of ifconfig_le0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_le0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f. 3. Select the proper terminal devices You will have to edit the _/_e_t_c_/_t_t_y_s file. If you don't have a Milan, you must disable the _t_t_y_E_x devices. For the Milan, you will have to disable the _t_t_y_e_x devices. This is easy, just change 'on' to 'off' on the corre- sponding lines. 4. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 5. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys- tem. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 6. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the _N_e_t_B_S_D _G_u_i_d_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll: 7. Installing third-party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec- essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. ++oo More information on the package system is available at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll ++oo A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ccuurrrreenntt//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll ++oo Precompiled binaries can be found at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD// usually in the _a_t_a_r_i_/_1_1_._0___R_C_2_/_A_l_l subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the ssyyssiinnsstt post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_/_e_t_c_/_p_k_g_i_n_/_r_e_p_o_s_i_t_o_r_i_e_s_._c_o_n_f is cor- rectly configured, you can install them with the following commands: ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ttccsshh bbaasshh ppeerrll aappaacchhee xxffccee44 ffiirreeffooxx ... The above command will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, Xfce desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. If it was not automatically installed, pkgin(1) can be installed on a fresh NetBSD system with pkg_add(1): eexxppoorrtt PPKKGG__PPAATTHH==hhttttppss::////ccddnn..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD//$$((uunnaammee --pp))//$$((uunnaammee --rr | ccuutt --dd__ --ff11))//AAllll ppkkgg__aadddd ppkkggiinn ++oo If you wish to use the pkgsrc(7) framework for com- piling packages and did not install it from the sysinst(8) post-installation configuration menu, you can obtain it by retrieving the file hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ssttaabbllee//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz. It is typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though other locations work fine) with the commands: # ccdd //uussrr # ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz After extracting, see the _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in the extraction directory (e.g., _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more information. 8. Misc ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. ++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more information on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 11.0_RC2 is with bina- ries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must first boot the system as described in the _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_e_r section. You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need additional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to _b_a_c_k _u_p any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operat- ing system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for help. File systems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 11.0_RC2 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in _/_d_e_v. If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into _/_d_e_v, and run the command: # sshh MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll ssyyssiinnsstt will attempt to merge the settings stored in your _/_e_t_c directory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility. However, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any remaining configuration changes. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 11.0_RC2. Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default will be handled. In NetBSD 9 and earlier, filesystems listed in _/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b would be mounted before non-legacy zzffss filesystems. Starting from NetBSD 10 this order has been reversed. If you have ever run a version of NetBSD-current between April 18, 2020 and September 23, 2022 (the version numbers used in the affected time range are between 9.99.56 and 9.99.106) your FFS file systems might have broken extended attributes stored. You should follow this _g_u_i_d_e_: hhttttppss::////wwiikkii..nneettbbssdd..oorrgg//ffeeaattuurreess//UUFFSS22eeaa// before booting the updated system multi-user for the first time. _N_o_t_e _t_h_a_t _y_o_u _d_o _n_o_t _n_e_e_d _t_o _d_o _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _i_f _y_o_u _n_e_v_e_r _d_i_d _r_u_n _a_n_y _a_f_f_e_c_t_e_d _k_e_r_n_e_l_, especially if you have never run NetBSD-current. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 11.0_RC2 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis- tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta- tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are ++oo intro(1), ++oo man(1), ++oo apropos(1), ++oo passwd(1), and ++oo passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several cate- gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra- tive information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num- bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter # mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu- mentation for passwd(5), enter # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of pos- sibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. See hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter- face at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro- priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo ++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage- ment. ++oo The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. ++oo The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. ++oo The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. ++oo The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. ++oo Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. ++oo We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss// (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver- ify that you wanted to be listed.) ++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan- uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) LLeeggaall MMuummbboo--JJuummbboo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu- ment: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun- dation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun- dation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See https://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au) This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleoa. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleoa, Sweden and its contributors. This product includes software developed at the Information Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and Harvard University. This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. 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This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi- lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL- ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni- versity makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. TThhee EEnndd NetBSD/atari 11.0_RC2 Mar 04, 2026 NetBSD/atari 11.0_RC2