## A.60 library(thread): High level thread primitives

author
  Jan Wielemaker

This module defines simple to use predicates for running goals concurrently. Where the core multi-threaded API is targeted at communicating long-living threads, the predicates here are defined to run goals concurrently without having to deal with thread creation and maintenance explicitely.

Note that these predicates run goals concurrently and therefore these goals need to be thread-safe. As the predicates in this module also abort branches of the computation that are no longer needed, predicates that have side-effect must act properly. In a nutshell, this has the following consequences:

- Nice clean Prolog code without side-effects (but with cut) works fine.
- Side-effects are bad news. If you really need assert to store intermediate results, use the thread_local/1 declaration. This also guarantees cleanup of left-over clauses if the thread is cancelled. For other side-effects, make sure to use call_cleanup/2 to undo them should the thread be cancelled.
- Global variables are ok as they are thread-local and destroyed on thread cancellation. Note however that global variables in the calling thread are not available in the threads that are created. You have to pass the value as an argument and initialise the variable in the new thread.
- Thread-cancellation uses thread_signal/2. Using this code with long-blocking foreign predicates may result in long delays, even if another thread asks for cancellation.

[semidet]concurrent(+N, :Goals, +Options)
  Run Goals in parallel using N threads. This call blocks until all work has been done. The Goals must be independent. They should not communicate using shared variables or any form of global data. All Goals must be thread-safe.

  Execution succeeds if all goals have succeeded. If one goal fails or throws an exception, other workers are abandoned as soon as possible and the entire computation fails or re-throws the exception. Note that if multiple goals fail or raise an error it is not defined which error or failure is reported.

  On successful completion, variable bindings are returned. Note however that threads have independent stacks and therefore the goal is copied to the worker thread and the result is copied back to the caller of concurrent/3.

  Choosing the right number of threads is not always obvious. Here are some scenarios:

  - If the goals are CPU intensive and normally all succeeding, typically the number of CPUs is the optimal number of threads. Less does not use all CPUs, more wastes time in context switches and also uses more memory.
  - If the tasks are I/O bound the number of threads is typically higher than the number of CPUs.
  - If one or more of the goals may fail or produce an error, using a higher number of threads may find this earlier.

  N | Number of worker-threads to create. Using 1, no threads are created. If N is larger than the number of Goals we create exactly as many threads as there are Goals.
  Goals | List of callable terms.
  Options | Passed to thread_create/3 for creating the workers. Only options changing the stack-sizes can be used. In particular, do not pass the detached or alias options.

  See also
    In many cases, concurrent_maplist/2 and friends is easier to program and is tractable to program analysis.
[semidet]concurrent_forall(:Generate, :Action)
[semidet]concurrent_forall(:Generate, :Action, +Options)
  True when Action is true for all solutions of Generate. This has the same semantics as forall/2, but the Action goals are executed in multiple threads. Notable a failing Action or a Action throwing an exception signals the calling thread which in turn aborts all workers and fails or re-throws the generated error. Options:
  threads(+Count)
    Number of threads to use. The default is determined by the Prolog flag cpu_count.
  To be done
    Ideally we would grow the set of workers dynamically, similar to dynamic scheduling of HTTP worker threads. This would avoid creating threads that are never used if Generate is too slow or does not provide enough answers and would further raise the number of threads if Action is I/O bound rather than CPU bound.
concurrent_and(:Generator, :Test)
concurrent_and(:Generator, :Test, +Options)
  Concurrent version of `(Generator,Test)`. This predicate creates a thread providing solutions for Generator that are handed to a pool of threads that run Test for the different instantiations provided by Generator concurrently. The predicate is logically equivalent to a simple conjunction except for two aspects: (1) terms are copied from Generator to the test Test threads while answers are copied back to the calling thread and (2) answers may be produced out of order.

  If the evaluation of some Test raises an exception, concurrent_and/2,3 is terminated with this exception. If the caller commits after a given answer or raises an exception while concurrent_and/2,3 is active with pending choice points, all involved resources are reclaimed.

  Options:

  threads(+Count)
    Create a worker pool holding Count threads. The default is the Prolog flag cpu_count.

  This predicate was proposed by Jan Burse as `balance((Generator,Test))`.

[semidet]concurrent_maplist(:Goal, +List)
[semidet]concurrent_maplist(:Goal, +List1, +List2)
[semidet]concurrent_maplist(:Goal, +List1, +List2, +List3)
  Concurrent version of maplist/2. This predicate uses concurrent/3, using multiple worker threads. The number of threads is the minimum of the list length and the number of cores available. The number of cores is determined using the prolog flag `cpu_count`. If this flag is absent or 1 or List has less than two elements, this predicate calls the corresponding maplist/N version using a wrapper based on once/1. Note that all goals are executed as if wrapped in once/1 and therefore these predicates are semidet.

  Note that the the overhead of this predicate is considerable and therefore Goal must be fairly expensive before one reaches a speedup.

[semidet]first_solution(-X, :Goals, +Options)
  Try alternative solvers concurrently, returning the first answer. In a typical scenario, solving any of the goals in Goals is satisfactory for the application to continue. As soon as one of the tried alternatives is successful, all the others are killed and first_solution/3 succeeds.

  For example, if it is unclear whether it is better to search a graph breadth-first or depth-first we can use:

      search_graph(Grap, Path) :-
               first_solution(Path, [ breadth_first(Graph, Path),
                                      depth_first(Graph, Path)
                                    ],
                              []).

  Options include thread stack-sizes passed to thread_create, as well as the options `on_fail` and `on_error` that specify what to do if a solver fails or triggers an error. By default execution of all solvers is terminated and the result is returned. Sometimes one may wish to continue. One such scenario is if one of the solvers may run out of resources or one of the solvers is known to be incomplete.

  on_fail(Action)
    If `stop` (default), terminate all threads and stop with the failure. If `continue`, keep waiting.
  on_error(Action)
    As above, re-throwing the error if an error appears.
  bug
    first_solution/3 cannot deal with non-determinism. There is no obvious way to fit non-determinism into it. If multiple solutions are needed wrap the solvers in findall/3.
[semidet]call_in_thread(+Thread, :Goal)
[semidet]call_in_thread(+Thread, :Goal, +Options)
  Run Goal as an interrupt in the context of Thread. This is based on thread_signal/2. If waiting times out, we inject a `stop(Reason)` exception into Goal. Interrupts can be nested, i.e., it is allowed to run a call_in_thread/2 while the target thread is processing such an interrupt.

  Options are passed to thread_get_message/3 and notably allow for specifying a timeout. If a timeout is reached, this predicate will attempt to kill Goal in Thread and act according to the option `on_timeout`.

  on_timeout(:Goal)
    If waiting terminates due to a `timeout(Time)`, or `deadline(Stamp)` option, call Goal. The default is `throw(time_limit_exceeded)`.

  This predicate is primarily intended for debugging and inspection tasks.