# pointers/ref

For pointers, a distinction needs to be made between destructuring and dereferencing as they are different concepts which are used differently from a language like `C`.

- Dereferencing uses `*`
- Destructuring uses `&`, `ref`, and `ref mut`

    fn main() {
        // Assign a reference of type `i32`. The `&` signifies there
        // is a reference being assigned.
        let reference = &4;

        match reference {
            // If `reference`s is pattern matched against `&val`, it results
            // in a comparison like:
            // `&i32`
            // `&val`
            // ^ We see that if the matching `&`s are dropped, then the `i32`
            // should be assigned to `val`.
            &val => println!("Got a value via destructuring: {:?}", val),
        }

        // To avoid the `&`, you dereference before matching.
        match *reference {
            val => println!("Got a value via dereferencing: {:?}", val),
        }

        // What if you don't start with a reference? `reference` was a `&`
        // because the right side was already a reference. This is not
        // a reference because the right side is not one.
        let _not_a_reference = 3;

        // Rust provides `ref` for exactly this purpose. It modifies the
        // assignment so that a reference is created for the element; this
        // reference is assigned.
        let ref _is_a_reference = 3;

        // Accordingly, by defining 2 values without references, references
        // can be retrieved via `ref` and `ref mut`.
        let value = 5;
        let mut mut_value = 6;

        // Use `ref` keyword to create a reference.
        match value {
            ref r => println!("Got a reference to a value: {:?}", r),
        }

        // Use `ref mut` similarly.
        match mut_value {
            ref mut m => {
                // Got a reference. Gotta dereference it before we can
                // add anything to it.
                *m += 10;
                println!("We added 10. `mut_value`: {:?}", m);
            },
        }
    }