# Lint levels

In `rustc`, lints are divided into four levels:

1. allow
2. warn
3. deny
4. forbid

Each lint has a default level (explained in the lint listing later in this chapter), and the compiler has a default warning level. First, let's explain what these levels mean, and then we'll talk about configuration.

## allow

These lints exist, but by default, do nothing. For example, consider this source:

    # #![allow(unused_variables)]
    #fn main() {
    pub fn foo() {}
    #}

Compiling this file produces no warnings:

    $ rustc lib.rs --crate-type=lib
    $

But this code violates the `missing_docs` lint.

These lints exist mostly to be manually turned on via configuration, as we'll talk about later in this section.

## warn

The 'warn' lint level will produce a warning if you violate the lint. For example, this code runs afoul of the `unused_variable` lint:

    # #![allow(unused_variables)]
    #fn main() {
    pub fn foo() {
        let x = 5;
    }
    #}

This will produce this warning:

    $ rustc lib.rs --crate-type=lib
    warning: unused variable: `x`
     --> lib.rs:2:9
      |
    2 |     let x = 5;
      |         ^
      |
      = note: #[warn(unused_variables)] on by default
      = note: to avoid this warning, consider using `_x` instead

## deny

A 'deny' lint produces an error if you violate it. For example, this code runs into the `exceeding_bitshifts` lint.

    fn main() {
        100u8 << 10;
    }

    > rustc main.rs
    error: bitshift exceeds the type's number of bits
     --> main.rs:2:13
      |
    2 |     100u8 << 10;
      |     ^^^^^^^^^^^
      |
      = note: #[deny(exceeding_bitshifts)] on by default

What's the difference between an error from a lint and a regular old error? Lints are configurable via levels, so in a similar way to 'allow' lints, warnings that are 'deny' by default let you allow them. Similarly, you may wish to set up a lint that is `warn` by default to produce an error instead. This lint level gives you that.

## forbid

'forbid' is a special lint level that's stronger than 'deny'. It's the same as 'deny' in that a lint at this level will produce an error, but unlike the 'deny' level, the 'forbid' level can not be overridden to be anything lower than an error.

## Configuring warning levels

Remember our `missing_docs` example from the 'allow' lint level?

    $ cat lib.rs
    pub fn foo() {}
    $ rustc lib.rs --crate-type=lib
    $

We can configure this lint to operate at a higher level, both with compiler flags, as well as with an attribute in the source code.

You can also "cap" lints so that the compiler can choose to ignore certain lint levels. We'll talk about that last.

### Via compiler flag

The `-A`, `-W`, `-D`, and `-F` flags let you turn one or more lints into allowed, warning, deny, or forbid levels, like this:

    $ rustc lib.rs --crate-type=lib -W missing-docs
    warning: missing documentation for crate
     --> lib.rs:1:1
      |
    1 | pub fn foo() {}
      | ^^^^^^^^^^^^
      |
      = note: requested on the command line with `-W missing-docs`

    warning: missing documentation for a function
     --> lib.rs:1:1
      |
    1 | pub fn foo() {}
      | ^^^^^^^^^^^^
    > rustc lib.rs --crate-type=lib -D missing-docs
    error: missing documentation for crate
     --> lib.rs:1:1
      |
    1 | pub fn foo() {}
      | ^^^^^^^^^^^^
      |
      = note: requested on the command line with `-D missing-docs`

    error: missing documentation for a function
     --> lib.rs:1:1
      |
    1 | pub fn foo() {}
      | ^^^^^^^^^^^^

    error: aborting due to 2 previous errors

You can also pass each flag more than once for changing multiple lints:

    rustc lib.rs --crate-type=lib -D missing-docs -D unused-variables

And of course, you can mix these four flags together:

    rustc lib.rs --crate-type=lib -D missing-docs -A unused-variables

### Via an attribute

You can also modify the lint level with a crate-wide attribute:

    > cat lib.rs
    #![warn(missing_docs)]

    pub fn foo() {}
    $ rustc lib.rs --crate-type=lib
    warning: missing documentation for crate
     --> lib.rs:1:1
      |
    1 | / #![warn(missing_docs)]
    2 | |
    3 | | pub fn foo() {}
      | |_______________^
      |
    note: lint level defined here
     --> lib.rs:1:9
      |
    1 | #![warn(missing_docs)]
      |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^

    warning: missing documentation for a function
     --> lib.rs:3:1
      |
    3 | pub fn foo() {}
      | ^^^^^^^^^^^^

All four, `warn`, `allow`, `deny`, and `forbid` all work this way.

You can also pass in multiple lints per attribute:

    # #![allow(unused_variables)]
    #![warn(missing_docs, unused_variables)]

    #fn main() {
    pub fn foo() {}
    #}

And use multiple attributes together:

    # #![allow(unused_variables)]
    #![warn(missing_docs)]
    #![deny(unused_variables)]

    #fn main() {
    pub fn foo() {}
    #}

### Capping lints

`rustc` supports a flag, `--cap-lints LEVEL` that sets the "lint cap level." This is the maximum level for all lints. So for example, if we take our code sample from the "deny" lint level above:

    fn main() {
        100u8 << 10;
    }

And we compile it, capping lints to warn:

    $ rustc lib.rs --cap-lints warn
    warning: bitshift exceeds the type's number of bits
     --> lib.rs:2:5
      |
    2 |     100u8 << 10;
      |     ^^^^^^^^^^^
      |
      = note: #[warn(exceeding_bitshifts)] on by default

    warning: this expression will panic at run-time
     --> lib.rs:2:5
      |
    2 |     100u8 << 10;
      |     ^^^^^^^^^^^ attempt to shift left with overflow

It now only warns, rather than errors. We can go further and allow all lints:

    $ rustc lib.rs --cap-lints allow
    $

This feature is used heavily by Cargo; it will pass `--cap-lints allow` when compiling your dependencies, so that if they have any warnings, they do not pollute the output of your build.