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    // Copyright 2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
    // file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
    // http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
    //
    // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
    // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
    // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
    // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
    // except according to those terms.

    /// Stream channels
    ///
    /// This is the flavor of channels which are optimized for one sender and one
    /// receiver. The sender will be upgraded to a shared channel if the channel is
    /// cloned.
    ///
    /// High level implementation details can be found in the comment of the parent
    /// module.

    pub use self::Failure::*;
    pub use self::UpgradeResult::*;
    pub use self::SelectionResult::*;
    use self::Message::*;

    use cell::UnsafeCell;
    use core::cmp;
    use core::isize;
    use ptr;
    use thread;
    use time::Instant;

    use sync::atomic::{AtomicIsize, AtomicUsize, Ordering, AtomicBool};
    use sync::mpsc::Receiver;
    use sync::mpsc::blocking::{self, SignalToken};
    use sync::mpsc::spsc_queue as spsc;

    const DISCONNECTED: isize = isize::MIN;
    #[cfg(test)]
    const MAX_STEALS: isize = 5;
    #[cfg(not(test))]
    const MAX_STEALS: isize = 1 << 20;

    pub struct Packet<T> {
        // internal queue for all messages
        queue: spsc::Queue<Message<T>, ProducerAddition, ConsumerAddition>,
    }

    struct ProducerAddition {
        cnt: AtomicIsize, // How many items are on this channel
        to_wake: AtomicUsize, // SignalToken for the blocked thread to wake up

        port_dropped: AtomicBool, // flag if the channel has been destroyed.
    }

    struct ConsumerAddition {
        steals: UnsafeCell<isize>,  // How many times has a port received without blocking?
    }

    pub enum Failure<T> {
        Empty,
        Disconnected,
        Upgraded(Receiver<T>),
    }

    pub enum UpgradeResult {
        UpSuccess,
        UpDisconnected,
        UpWoke(SignalToken),
    }

    pub enum SelectionResult<T> {
        SelSuccess,
        SelCanceled,
        SelUpgraded(SignalToken, Receiver<T>),
    }

    // Any message could contain an "upgrade request" to a new shared port, so the
    // internal queue it's a queue of T, but rather Message<T>
    enum Message<T> {
        Data(T),
        GoUp(Receiver<T>),
    }

    impl<T> Packet<T> {
        pub fn new() -> Packet<T> {
            Packet {
                queue: unsafe { spsc::Queue::with_additions(
                    128,
                    ProducerAddition {
                        cnt: AtomicIsize::new(0),
                        to_wake: AtomicUsize::new(0),

                        port_dropped: AtomicBool::new(false),
                    },
                    ConsumerAddition {
                        steals: UnsafeCell::new(0),
                    }
                )},
            }
        }

        pub fn send(&self, t: T) -> Result<(), T> {
            // If the other port has deterministically gone away, then definitely
            // must return the data back up the stack. Otherwise, the data is
            // considered as being sent.
            if self.queue.producer_addition().port_dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst) { return Err(t) }

            match self.do_send(Data(t)) {
                UpSuccess | UpDisconnected => {},
                UpWoke(token) => { token.signal(); }
            }
            Ok(())
        }

        pub fn upgrade(&self, up: Receiver<T>) -> UpgradeResult {
            // If the port has gone away, then there's no need to proceed any
            // further.
            if self.queue.producer_addition().port_dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                return UpDisconnected
            }

            self.do_send(GoUp(up))
        }

        fn do_send(&self, t: Message<T>) -> UpgradeResult {
            self.queue.push(t);
            match self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                // As described in the mod's doc comment, -1 == wakeup
                -1 => UpWoke(self.take_to_wake()),
                // As as described before, SPSC queues must be >= -2
                -2 => UpSuccess,

                // Be sure to preserve the disconnected state, and the return value
                // in this case is going to be whether our data was received or not.
                // This manifests itself on whether we have an empty queue or not.
                //
                // Primarily, are required to drain the queue here because the port
                // will never remove this data. We can only have at most one item to
                // drain (the port drains the rest).
                DISCONNECTED => {
                    self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.store(DISCONNECTED, Ordering::SeqCst);
                    let first = self.queue.pop();
                    let second = self.queue.pop();
                    assert!(second.is_none());

                    match first {
                        Some(..) => UpSuccess,  // we failed to send the data
                        None => UpDisconnected, // we successfully sent data
                    }
                }

                // Otherwise we just sent some data on a non-waiting queue, so just
                // make sure the world is sane and carry on!
                n => { assert!(n >= 0); UpSuccess }
            }
        }

        // Consumes ownership of the 'to_wake' field.
        fn take_to_wake(&self) -> SignalToken {
            let ptr = self.queue.producer_addition().to_wake.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
            self.queue.producer_addition().to_wake.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
            assert!(ptr != 0);
            unsafe { SignalToken::cast_from_usize(ptr) }
        }

        // Decrements the count on the channel for a sleeper, returning the sleeper
        // back if it shouldn't sleep. Note that this is the location where we take
        // steals into account.
        fn decrement(&self, token: SignalToken) -> Result<(), SignalToken> {
            assert_eq!(self.queue.producer_addition().to_wake.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
            let ptr = unsafe { token.cast_to_usize() };
            self.queue.producer_addition().to_wake.store(ptr, Ordering::SeqCst);

            let steals = unsafe { ptr::replace(self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get(), 0) };

            match self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.fetch_sub(1 + steals, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                DISCONNECTED => {
                    self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.store(DISCONNECTED, Ordering::SeqCst);
                }
                // If we factor in our steals and notice that the channel has no
                // data, we successfully sleep
                n => {
                    assert!(n >= 0);
                    if n - steals <= 0 { return Ok(()) }
                }
            }

            self.queue.producer_addition().to_wake.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
            Err(unsafe { SignalToken::cast_from_usize(ptr) })
        }

        pub fn recv(&self, deadline: Option<Instant>) -> Result<T, Failure<T>> {
            // Optimistic preflight check (scheduling is expensive).
            match self.try_recv() {
                Err(Empty) => {}
                data => return data,
            }

            // Welp, our channel has no data. Deschedule the current thread and
            // initiate the blocking protocol.
            let (wait_token, signal_token) = blocking::tokens();
            if self.decrement(signal_token).is_ok() {
                if let Some(deadline) = deadline {
                    let timed_out = !wait_token.wait_max_until(deadline);
                    if timed_out {
                        self.abort_selection(/* was_upgrade = */ false).map_err(Upgraded)?;
                    }
                } else {
                    wait_token.wait();
                }
            }

            match self.try_recv() {
                // Messages which actually popped from the queue shouldn't count as
                // a steal, so offset the decrement here (we already have our
                // "steal" factored into the channel count above).
                data @ Ok(..) |
                data @ Err(Upgraded(..)) => unsafe {
                    *self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get() -= 1;
                    data
                },

                data => data,
            }
        }

        pub fn try_recv(&self) -> Result<T, Failure<T>> {
            match self.queue.pop() {
                // If we stole some data, record to that effect (this will be
                // factored into cnt later on).
                //
                // Note that we don't allow steals to grow without bound in order to
                // prevent eventual overflow of either steals or cnt as an overflow
                // would have catastrophic results. Sometimes, steals > cnt, but
                // other times cnt > steals, so we don't know the relation between
                // steals and cnt. This code path is executed only rarely, so we do
                // a pretty slow operation, of swapping 0 into cnt, taking steals
                // down as much as possible (without going negative), and then
                // adding back in whatever we couldn't factor into steals.
                Some(data) => unsafe {
                    if *self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get() > MAX_STEALS {
                        match self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.swap(0, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                            DISCONNECTED => {
                                self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.store(
                                    DISCONNECTED, Ordering::SeqCst);
                            }
                            n => {
                                let m = cmp::min(n, *self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get());
                                *self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get() -= m;
                                self.bump(n - m);
                            }
                        }
                        assert!(*self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get() >= 0);
                    }
                    *self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get() += 1;
                    match data {
                        Data(t) => Ok(t),
                        GoUp(up) => Err(Upgraded(up)),
                    }
                },

                None => {
                    match self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                        n if n != DISCONNECTED => Err(Empty),

                        // This is a little bit of a tricky case. We failed to pop
                        // data above, and then we have viewed that the channel is
                        // disconnected. In this window more data could have been
                        // sent on the channel. It doesn't really make sense to
                        // return that the channel is disconnected when there's
                        // actually data on it, so be extra sure there's no data by
                        // popping one more time.
                        //
                        // We can ignore steals because the other end is
                        // disconnected and we'll never need to really factor in our
                        // steals again.
                        _ => {
                            match self.queue.pop() {
                                Some(Data(t)) => Ok(t),
                                Some(GoUp(up)) => Err(Upgraded(up)),
                                None => Err(Disconnected),
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        pub fn drop_chan(&self) {
            // Dropping a channel is pretty simple, we just flag it as disconnected
            // and then wakeup a blocker if there is one.
            match self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.swap(DISCONNECTED, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                -1 => { self.take_to_wake().signal(); }
                DISCONNECTED => {}
                n => { assert!(n >= 0); }
            }
        }

        pub fn drop_port(&self) {
            // Dropping a port seems like a fairly trivial thing. In theory all we
            // need to do is flag that we're disconnected and then everything else
            // can take over (we don't have anyone to wake up).
            //
            // The catch for Ports is that we want to drop the entire contents of
            // the queue. There are multiple reasons for having this property, the
            // largest of which is that if another chan is waiting in this channel
            // (but not received yet), then waiting on that port will cause a
            // deadlock.
            //
            // So if we accept that we must now destroy the entire contents of the
            // queue, this code may make a bit more sense. The tricky part is that
            // we can't let any in-flight sends go un-dropped, we have to make sure
            // *everything* is dropped and nothing new will come onto the channel.

            // The first thing we do is set a flag saying that we're done for. All
            // sends are gated on this flag, so we're immediately guaranteed that
            // there are a bounded number of active sends that we'll have to deal
            // with.
            self.queue.producer_addition().port_dropped.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);

            // Now that we're guaranteed to deal with a bounded number of senders,
            // we need to drain the queue. This draining process happens atomically
            // with respect to the "count" of the channel. If the count is nonzero
            // (with steals taken into account), then there must be data on the
            // channel. In this case we drain everything and then try again. We will
            // continue to fail while active senders send data while we're dropping
            // data, but eventually we're guaranteed to break out of this loop
            // (because there is a bounded number of senders).
            let mut steals = unsafe { *self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get() };
            while {
                let cnt = self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.compare_and_swap(
                                steals, DISCONNECTED, Ordering::SeqCst);
                cnt != DISCONNECTED && cnt != steals
            } {
                while let Some(_) = self.queue.pop() { steals += 1; }
            }

            // At this point in time, we have gated all future senders from sending,
            // and we have flagged the channel as being disconnected. The senders
            // still have some responsibility, however, because some sends may not
            // complete until after we flag the disconnection. There are more
            // details in the sending methods that see DISCONNECTED
        }

        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        // select implementation
        ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

        // Tests to see whether this port can receive without blocking. If Ok is
        // returned, then that's the answer. If Err is returned, then the returned
        // port needs to be queried instead (an upgrade happened)
        pub fn can_recv(&self) -> Result<bool, Receiver<T>> {
            // We peek at the queue to see if there's anything on it, and we use
            // this return value to determine if we should pop from the queue and
            // upgrade this channel immediately. If it looks like we've got an
            // upgrade pending, then go through the whole recv rigamarole to update
            // the internal state.
            match self.queue.peek() {
                Some(&mut GoUp(..)) => {
                    match self.recv(None) {
                        Err(Upgraded(port)) => Err(port),
                        _ => unreachable!(),
                    }
                }
                Some(..) => Ok(true),
                None => Ok(false)
            }
        }

        // increment the count on the channel (used for selection)
        fn bump(&self, amt: isize) -> isize {
            match self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.fetch_add(amt, Ordering::SeqCst) {
                DISCONNECTED => {
                    self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.store(DISCONNECTED, Ordering::SeqCst);
                    DISCONNECTED
                }
                n => n
            }
        }

        // Attempts to start selecting on this port. Like a oneshot, this can fail
        // immediately because of an upgrade.
        pub fn start_selection(&self, token: SignalToken) -> SelectionResult<T> {
            match self.decrement(token) {
                Ok(()) => SelSuccess,
                Err(token) => {
                    let ret = match self.queue.peek() {
                        Some(&mut GoUp(..)) => {
                            match self.queue.pop() {
                                Some(GoUp(port)) => SelUpgraded(token, port),
                                _ => unreachable!(),
                            }
                        }
                        Some(..) => SelCanceled,
                        None => SelCanceled,
                    };
                    // Undo our decrement above, and we should be guaranteed that the
                    // previous value is positive because we're not going to sleep
                    let prev = self.bump(1);
                    assert!(prev == DISCONNECTED || prev >= 0);
                    ret
                }
            }
        }

        // Removes a previous thread from being blocked in this port
        pub fn abort_selection(&self,
                               was_upgrade: bool) -> Result<bool, Receiver<T>> {
            // If we're aborting selection after upgrading from a oneshot, then
            // we're guarantee that no one is waiting. The only way that we could
            // have seen the upgrade is if data was actually sent on the channel
            // half again. For us, this means that there is guaranteed to be data on
            // this channel. Furthermore, we're guaranteed that there was no
            // start_selection previously, so there's no need to modify `self.cnt`
            // at all.
            //
            // Hence, because of these invariants, we immediately return `Ok(true)`.
            // Note that the data may not actually be sent on the channel just yet.
            // The other end could have flagged the upgrade but not sent data to
            // this end. This is fine because we know it's a small bounded windows
            // of time until the data is actually sent.
            if was_upgrade {
                assert_eq!(unsafe { *self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get() }, 0);
                assert_eq!(self.queue.producer_addition().to_wake.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
                return Ok(true)
            }

            // We want to make sure that the count on the channel goes non-negative,
            // and in the stream case we can have at most one steal, so just assume
            // that we had one steal.
            let steals = 1;
            let prev = self.bump(steals + 1);

            // If we were previously disconnected, then we know for sure that there
            // is no thread in to_wake, so just keep going
            let has_data = if prev == DISCONNECTED {
                assert_eq!(self.queue.producer_addition().to_wake.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
                true // there is data, that data is that we're disconnected
            } else {
                let cur = prev + steals + 1;
                assert!(cur >= 0);

                // If the previous count was negative, then we just made things go
                // positive, hence we passed the -1 boundary and we're responsible
                // for removing the to_wake() field and trashing it.
                //
                // If the previous count was positive then we're in a tougher
                // situation. A possible race is that a sender just incremented
                // through -1 (meaning it's going to try to wake a thread up), but it
                // hasn't yet read the to_wake. In order to prevent a future recv()
                // from waking up too early (this sender picking up the plastered
                // over to_wake), we spin loop here waiting for to_wake to be 0.
                // Note that this entire select() implementation needs an overhaul,
                // and this is *not* the worst part of it, so this is not done as a
                // final solution but rather out of necessity for now to get
                // something working.
                if prev < 0 {
                    drop(self.take_to_wake());
                } else {
                    while self.queue.producer_addition().to_wake.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != 0 {
                        thread::yield_now();
                    }
                }
                unsafe {
                    assert_eq!(*self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get(), 0);
                    *self.queue.consumer_addition().steals.get() = steals;
                }

                // if we were previously positive, then there's surely data to
                // receive
                prev >= 0
            };

            // Now that we've determined that this queue "has data", we peek at the
            // queue to see if the data is an upgrade or not. If it's an upgrade,
            // then we need to destroy this port and abort selection on the
            // upgraded port.
            if has_data {
                match self.queue.peek() {
                    Some(&mut GoUp(..)) => {
                        match self.queue.pop() {
                            Some(GoUp(port)) => Err(port),
                            _ => unreachable!(),
                        }
                    }
                    _ => Ok(true),
                }
            } else {
                Ok(false)
            }
        }
    }

    impl<T> Drop for Packet<T> {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            // Note that this load is not only an assert for correctness about
            // disconnection, but also a proper fence before the read of
            // `to_wake`, so this assert cannot be removed with also removing
            // the `to_wake` assert.
            assert_eq!(self.queue.producer_addition().cnt.load(Ordering::SeqCst), DISCONNECTED);
            assert_eq!(self.queue.producer_addition().to_wake.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
        }
    }

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Search multiple things at once by splitting your query with comma (e.g. `str,u8` or `String,struct:Vec,test`)